How to Talk About Race: Expert #3

If you believe - and want to keep believing - that children "don't see race," don't read this book.

The First R: How Children Learn Race and Racism, by Debra Van Ausdale and Joe R. Feagin, is a fearless, sometimes searing look at how young children not only see race, but are processing in many complex layers the experience of growing up in a society defined by race.

Van Ausdale spent nearly a year in a "racially and ethnically diverse day care center" where she "gathered experiential data of how preschool children use racial-ethnic awareness and knowledge in their social relationships." Her constant, unobtrusive presence (she responded to children but never initiated contact, intervened or engaged in any teaching) meant that she was privy to interactions of children navigating their relationships that she might never have witnessed in the role of a "sanctioning adult."

This book is the field report of that experience. "In our data," the authors report, "we see white children experimenting with and learning how to be white and how to handle the privileges, propensities, and behaviors associated with the white position in society. We also see children of color learning how to deal with the reality of being Black, Asian or Latino in a white-dominated society."

In one typical incident, Van Ausdale observed three young girls, two white and one Asian, playing with a wagon. When the white child who had been pulling the other girls in the wagon dropped the handle, the Asian child jumped out to begin pulling. The white girl responded, "No, No. You can't pull this wagon. Only white Americans can pull this wagon." There are dozens of examples of such behavior, including the use of racial slurs and demeaning language, sometimes with the clear intent to cause hurt.

Again and again Van Ausdale witnessed children playing out the racial roles assigned them by the larger society. "Modern racism is fundamentally about a severe imbalance of power - the power of whites to control society's social resources. Being white means having power over Blacks and other people of color. Significantly, in our observations no child of color used racist epithets to control white children. They did fight back when challenged and sometimes used constructed racial distinctions to create their own exclusive play groups... [T]he exclusionary actions carried out by the white children replicate and reproduce similar exclusionary actions that children of color and their parents face in the larger society."

The other source of data was the interactions of the daycare staff with the children around incidents of which they were aware, and their response to the reports of what was observed. These teachers were trained, experienced child care workers who taught an anti-bias curriculum. To a person, they expressed shock at the incidents Van Ausdale reported, as did parents of the children. A significant portion of the book describes and analyzes the gap between what the adults thought about children's awareness of race and what the researcher actually observed.

"Adult explanations often maintain that young children either have no consciousness of racial distinctions or hold naive and shallow conceptions easily amenable to change," the authors write. "... [T]he parents, teachers, and volunteers routinely dismissed or denied the extent of children's racial-ethnic knowledge... For their part, most of the children seemed aware that adults did not expect them to understand racial and ethnic matters. The children would regularly disguise or conceal their activities from adults when there was a racial or ethnic component, especially if they were acting in negative ways."

Whew. What an eye-opening, disturbing, yet ultimately necessary and liberating message. I've barely touched on its breadth and depth (if this issue concerns you, read this book!), but let me conclude with my take-aways, what its findings suggest for having conversations about race with children:

1. By preschool age, children growing up in our racialized society have absorbed, are experimenting with and are acting out many layers of complex information about race and racial roles (way more than their caregivers suspect), including the denial and silence of many adults on the subject.

2. If the adults caring for them do not offer concrete, direct, and bold language, guidance and models for counteracting the dominant culture's messages about race, children's attitudes and behaviors will be formed by these influences, and they will act out the racial roles that society has assigned them.

3. Conversations about race are not complete if they do not address the reality of power, especially for white children. We need to get past the definition of racism as individual acts of meanness by bad people, and get more real about how advantage and disadvantage, privilege and exclusion are color-coded in our society, how all of us are socialized into roles based on our racial groups, and how these roles keep racism functioning. "The more children know about the seriousness of racial-ethnic oppression and its consequences, the more they will be equipped to contest it in their present and future lives."

5. Children need empowering strategies and tools in order to build healthy racial identities and relationships across race.

"Watching children at work with racism is like watching ourselves in a mirror," the authors conclude. "They will not unlearn and undo racism until we do."

How to Talk About Race: Expert #2

Louise Derman-Sparks, author of the seminal Anti-Bias Curriculum: Tools for Empowering Young Children (1989), has co-authored a more recent book, "What If All the Kids Are White?" Anti-Bias Multicultural Education with Young Children and Families (2003). This title, written with Patricia Ramsey, is packed with both conceptual and concrete guidance for doing anti-bias work in all- or mostly-white settings.

The title question, the authors explain, "has been one of the most frequently asked questions in our workshops ... over the past 2 decades. Almost always posed by white teachers, it echoes the persistent confusion about the role of whites in the multicultural movement and, in particular, the engagement of white children, families and teachers in multicultural education." This book discusses why an anti-bias curriculum is essential for white children as well as children of color, and how to create a school climate that gives all children the skills to function in a diverse world. Critically, Derman-Sparks and Ramsey address the need to give white children information about how racism works.

"It is not enough to teach [white children] to embrace racial and cultural diversity; children must also develop individual and group identities that will recognize and resist the false notions of racial superiority and racial entitlement," they argue. With the caveat that, "the focus on white children in no way implies that their needs and interests should be the 'front and center' of anti-bias/multicultural education," they point out that we can't shift to a more equitable society unless white children are taught how to recognize and step out of the roles they are socialized to play.

The book advocates a "new vision of white identity" that is actively working against the privileges conferred by whiteness, and includes ideas on working with resistance and a chapter on "How Children Construct White Identities." It calls for "shifting the focus of early childhood multicultural education from 'appreciating diversity' to working toward social justice."


There's no way to convey the depth of information in this book in a short post, but here are a few of the "Strategies for Working with Children" that directly address childen's books and conversations about race:

- "Model inclusive practices... If your visual and material environment is filled with diverse images, it immediately tells children and families that this is a priority for you."

- "Make an inventory of your current educational materials and work on building a collection of materials that accurately depict the diversity within all groups (including whites) in the United States."

- "Use these materials regularly in your ongoing curriculum, not just at 'special times."

- "Regularly schedule people from different racial and ethnic groups to do a series of specific activities with your children. Ongoing face-to-face contact is probably the best way to break down barriers, recognize similarities and see differences as enriching rather than frightening or distasteful."

- "Enhance children's sense of connection with others by exploring how people meet similar needs in different ways."

- "Talk about why people have different skin colors."

The theoretical framework of the book is supported and illuminated with extensive suggestions for applications, case studies, and study questions for reflection and further exploration. Some of the richest teaching is in examples of language used by children, displaying both their confusion and misinformation about race, and their passion about making things fair for everyone.

"Use children's biased remarks as teachable moments," the authors advise. "Although children may not understand the full meaning of their biased comments, these can become the basis for more developed prejudice if adults do not respond to them. When you hear such a comment, immediately follow up with exploratory questions to gain a deeper understanding of the child's thoughts and feelings ... Use an exploratory, rather than accusatory, tone... Then plan both immediate and long-term experiences" to address the bias.

This is a practical, invaluable handbook.